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Trekking House
Kachin State in Brief
Location :-
Kachin State, located in the northern most part, is one of the seven
States of the Union of Myanmar. Lies between China to the east and
India to the west, and has a land area of 34,379.22 square miles.
Geography :-
Kachin State is part of the eastern edge of the Himalayan Range and
is also continuous with the Yunnan escarpment, composing the
Tibet-Myanmar frontier mountain ranges. Hkakaborazi, the highest
mountain in South East Asia at 19 315 feet, and Indawgyi, the
largest lake in Myanmar with 98 square miles, are all located in
Kachin State.
Climate :-
Generally divided into three seasons: the hot summer, the rainy
monsoon and the cold winter. Climate conditions vary considerably
from warm to humid in the lowlands and extremely cold in the
highlands. In winter, mountains in the far north are snow capped.
The rainy season starts in May in the lowlands and April in the
highlands. The winter starts in December followed by a very short
Summer.
People :-
Kachin comprises of eleven ethnic minorities, namely Jinghpaw,
Lachik, Dalaung, Lauwaw, Guari, Lisu, Rawang, Hkahku, Duleng, Atsi
and Zaiwa. There are also other nationalities such as Shans, Bamar,
Kadu, Kanan, Chinese and Indians living in the state.
Communication :-
The 18 townships in the states are linked by roads, railways, and
airways. Most of the towns in the state are accessible by telephone
communication, locally and internationally. The state’s major towns
are linked with other capital cities of Myanmar by road, railways,
waterways, and airways. The State is linked to India by Ledo Road,
also known as the Stilwell Road, built during World War II.
Cities and Towns :-
Myitkyina, a major city in the central area, is the state capital,
while Bamaw is the main town in the southwest, and Putao the main
town in the far north. Mogaung and Mohnyin are ancient cities
inhabited mostly by Shans. Myitkyina is well known as one of the
places in Myanmar where the allied forces of the west, led by
General Merill’s Marauders, landed and fought the enemy together
with local rangers.
Resources :-
Kachin State is rich in forest products, minerals, and gem stones
some of which are still untouched. Phakant jade is one of the most
famous products of the state and is very popular in the world. Gold
can be panned in almost every river and stream of the state.
Agriculture :-
Agriculture is the main occupation with rice as the main crop.
Kachin State is a place where grapefruit and other rare citrus
fruits are available. Pineapple, star apple, “da-nyin” fruit and
“hkatchyo’ rice is among the best quality in the Myanmar market.
Festivals :-
Kachin State celebrates Kachin State day on the 10th of January, and
the New Harvest Festival in November. There are many locally
celebrated festivals among the people. One of the common festivals
among the Kachin people is the Manau.
Flora :- More
the 50% of Kachin State is generally covered by numerous types of
forests with thousands of different plant species. Rhododendron is
indigenous to Putao region and of the 600 known species of
rhododendria, the English botanist collected 118 here in some 1920s,
and some 107 of those may be still viewed at Royal Botanical Gardens
in Edinburgh. Also the wild orchids bloom in great profusion in this
region. Botanists also identified 19 species of pine with the
expeditions. Over 800 kinds of orchids, 97 varieties of bamboo and
32 different types of rattan canes are also home to this region. The
forests ranging from tropical monsoon evergreen to alpine forest can
also be found in the northern most part of the state. The rich
variety of plants and animal life in Kachin State reflects its
geographical location as well as its varied topography and climate.
Fauna :- As
many as 134 avian species were also recorded so far. Among them 15
rare species of Pheasant among them being a few on the endangered
list, the Lmpeyan Pheasant, the Blood Pheasant. Blyth's Tragopan,
Temminck's Tragopan, Sclater's Monal, Snowy-throated Babble,
Chestnut thrush, Red-tailed laughing trush and Ruxty bellied Short
wing etc to name a few in the rare species list and some new
identified species in Myanmar and South-East Asia. The area is home
to numerous wild animals – including monkeys, deer, birds and
butterflies – so it is no wonder paradise for scientific researchers
and butterfly hunters. There is a safe habitat for wild elephants,
tigers, takins, rare red pandas and other endangered species.
Migratory birds from China and Mongolia, especially the Red Head
Crane, travel in thousands to the plateau of Putao in spring, and
disperse in early monsoon.
Snow Capped Mountains :-
In the foothills of the Himalayas in northern Putao situate Mt.
Hkakabo Razi, the highest snow-capped mountain in South East Asia.
19,269 feet (5881 meter) high and a very important watershed area
for the eastern Ayeyarwady river (Nmai Hka). The flagship trek of
the area lies more than 440 kilometer away from nearest airstrip
which takes nearly 6 weeks to complete. The route passes through the
1472-square-mile Hkakaborazi National Park. Apart from this there
are several smaller peaks such as Mt. Lancrumadin of 3495 meters.
Mt. Phongun Razi of 3485 meters, Mt. Phangran Razi of 4450 meters,
Mt. Madwe Razi of 4500 meters and
Mt. Slimatdin of 4800 meters etc which can be scaled by trekker with
normal physical condition.
Ayeyarwady River :-
The Mali Hka and the Nmai Hka merge in Kachin State to become the
Ayeyarwady, largely a glacier-fed river, stretch over a thousand
miles long and it is one of the finest water ways in the world. This
fertile valley flows though the dry zone in the heart of Myanmar and
acts as a conduit of communication to over fifty million people.
Indawgyi lake :-
The largest natural lake in Myanmar, situated between East longitude
96˚ 23’-97˚ and North Latitude 25˚ -26˚ in Kachin State, South-west
of Myitkyina. The 16 miles long and 8 miles wide lake is rich in
biodiversity with different species of marine life and wetland
birds.
About Putao
Putao : -
Lies in a flat valley, famous as a jumping-off point for trekkers
who want to explore the region’s deep forests, wildlife sanctuaries
and snow-capped mountains. The richness in biodiversity of this
region presents unparalleled opportunities in the field of Tribal,
zoology, botany, forestry, ecology as well as hardy eco-tourists who
prefer the challenge of a testing back-packing trip in the mountain
fastness of Myanmar. In the foothills of the Himalayas in northern
Putao situate Mt. Hkakabo Razi, the highest snow-capped mountain in
South East Asia. 19269 feet (5881 meter) high and a very important
watershed area for the eastern Ayeyarwady river (Name Hkam). The
flagship trek of the area lies more than 440 kilometer away from
nearest airstrip which takes nearly 6 weeks to complete. The route
passes through the 1472-square-mile Hkakaborazi National Park. Apart
from this there are several smaller peaks such as Mt. Lancrumadin of
3495 meters. Mt. Phongun Razi of 3485 meters, Mt. Phangran Razi of
4450 meters, Mt. Madwe Razi of 4500 meters and Mt. Slimatdin of 4800
meters etc which can be scaled by trekker with normal physical
condition.
Machanbaw : -
A small administrative town, beautifully set up
with colonial style, connected by 211 meter long Malikha suspension
bridge. On a hill near Machanbaw is the Stone Dragon, a natural rock
formation that looks like a giant dragon.
Mulashidi : -
Beautifully set up Lisu village, 10 km away from
Putao connected with another suspension bridge and provides a
fascinating view to the mountains near by.
Kanugmulon Pagoda : –
A historic Buddhist monument with full of ancient
art, situates about 18 km from Putao across Malikha river.
Namkham : -
A large Rawan village, situate at the bottom of
Namhti mountain range, rich with biodiversity of flora and fauna.
Namkham is also famous for its production of Great fruit, Washington
and King fruit etc.
Nam Htu Koo : -
A large Lisu tribe village, situate 20 km west of
Putao on the cross road to blazing 3495 meters high Mt. Lancrumadin,
one of the prominent mountains is the area. A perfect overnight trek
from Putao. Agriculture is of main source of living thus Nam Htu Koo
has a large plain of rice field fill with much of activities
especially during the harvest Nov/Dec which should not be missed.
Nomung : -
The last frontier town, situated 125 km north of
Putao at an altitude of 1640 feet (500 meters) above sea. Nomung
Township probably is one of the most sparsely populated areas in
Asia having two people per square mile ratio. Poisonous snakes such
as viper, cobra and king cobra, tiger, leopard, bear, different
kinds of monkey, samba, barking deer, Black Mountain, goat mole and
various kinds of birds inhibit in this region. And there live takin,
red mountain goat, flying squirrel and domesticated wild ox (mythun)
on the mountains in the northern part of the region.
Ziyadum : -
Situates about 60 kilometers west of Putao with
an altitude at 3440 feet (1040 meters), Ziyadum is one of the last
frontier village in Myanmar. Inhabitants are predominately Rawan
tribe. This area is beautiful with pristine forests and rivers often
cross by suspension bridges. Ziyadum village is center points for
many mountains in the areas such as Phonyin, Ziya, Pangram and
Phungam which all are of snow-capped during winter and can be seen
as closed as a hand reach in a clear day.
Hkakaborazi National Park
Encompassing an area of 3,812.48 sq. kilometers
at the northern tip of Myanmar, lying at 44’ E, the park 05’ N and
97approximately 28 supports a combination of vegetation types from
dense tropical lowland jungle, through subtropical hill forest and
temperate rainforest to high altitude alpine meadows and glaciers.
Forest Types: - Hkakaborazi National Park not
only has the distinction of being home to South East Asia's highest
peak, Mt. Hkakaborazi (5881 m), but more importantly of protecting
one of the region's most biodiverse tracts of forest. Because
vegetation cover is so diverse, patterns are not clear-cut and many
of these forest types are, in actuality, found mixed together or
alternating in patches, depending upon prevailing local conditions.
Vegetation type is highly dependent upon altitude, slope and aspect.
From the tropical Putao valley to alpine pasture near the Indian
border. Vegetation types fall into four basic zones, which are
dependant on altitude, slope and aspect:
.:. Zone 1 Tropical Forest (Putao to Pangnamdim),
.:. Zone 2 Subtropical Forest (Pangnamdim to Mading),
.:. Zone 3 Temperate forest (Mading to Sahti Htu),
.:. Zone 4 Alpine vegetation, silver fir forest and scree (Zalahtu).
.:. Vegetation Zone I: Putao (409 m) to Pangnamdim (1140 m)
This zone is characterized by dense evergreen tropical vegetation
grading into subtropical forest and is almost entirely Indo-Malayan
in composition. Between Putao and Namhti, at less than 600 meters in
hill jungle, the forest is predominantly tropical, with Mesua
ferrea, Stereospermum personatum, Terminalia myriocarpa,
Dipterocarpus alatus, Dipterocarpus turbinata, Ficus elastica, Ficus
benjamina, Nephelium (rambutan), Garcinia (mangosteen), Sterculia,
Saurauia, Wightia, Elaeocarpus, Xylopia, Fagraea, Mussaenda,
Jasminum, Schima wallichii, Magnolia, Michelia, Musa (banana),
Cyathea (tree fern), Pandanus furcatus (screw pine), Caryota urens
(fishtail palm), Calamus (rattan). Lianas, climbers and epiphytic
aroids, ferns and orchids are abundant. Chirita, Begonia and various
ferns are common in damp, dark patches on the forest floor.
Above 600 meters, crossing the first ridge to
Maza, vegetation begins to change becoming more subtropical with
Cinnamomum, Litsaea, Castanopsis tribuloides, Lithocarpus
pachyphylla, Quercus lanuginosum, Sarauia, Litsaea, Magnolia,
Michelia, Ilex, Rhododendron, Illicium, Persea, Engelhardtia,
Tetracentron and the occasional Tsuga. Agapetes, Aeschenanthus and
other shrubby epiphytes shroud ridge-line trees. Species which are
normally terrestrial such as Brassiopsis and Rhododendron are here
occasionally epiphytic in the moist-laden moss forest. There is a
mark-ed decrease in tropical lianas, they still exist, but not in
the same number as in lower areas due to a drop in tempera-ture at
the top of the ridge where clouds and mist gather. Temperate
climbers such as Lonicera, Schisandra and Holboellia take their
place. Trees with a more tropical affinity are Caryota urens,
Terminalia myriocarpa, Callicarpa arborea, Ficus cunia, Ficus
obscura, Albizia sherriffii, Goniothalamus and Dysoxylum.
The next ridge between Nomung and Golle also
supports a predominantly subtropical flora, whereas the track follo
-wing the Nam Tisang river valley harbors a more
tropically-influenced flora. The final ascent in this zone, from
Golle to Shinsankhu, crosses a third ridge and then drops down to
the national park entrance at Pangnamdim. Here the flora subtly
changes again towards temperate and the forest floor-dwelling Asarum
as well as the distinctive fern, Dipteris first appear.
.:. Vegetation Zone II: Pangnamdim (1140 m) to
Mading (2000 m)
Despite the altitude and proximity to snow-clad mountains, this zone
is a curious mix of subtropical forest in the vall-eys and temperate
forest with pines appearing sporadically on higher ridges. Here the
Sino-Himalayan and Indo-Malayan phytochoria dovetail into one
another resulting in a mixture of floristic elements. Just above
Wangsiwang (approx. 1200 m), there is a dramatic temperate shift in
the flora. On the high ridges Pinus makes its first appearance, as
do species of Acer, Aesculus, Carpinus, Alnus, Edgeworthia gardneri,
Gaultheria, and Rubus ellipticus. At around 1,500 m, the appearance
of Exbucklandia and Eriobotrya and the disappearance of Sarauia,
Calamus, palms, larger figs and lianas marks a change from
subtropical hill jungle to temperate forest. Some subtropical
species including Albizia sherriffii, Ficus hirta and a Musa, have,
however, colonized the warmer valley-basins. In this zone thick,
impenetrable colonies of Arundinaria (bamboo) also occur. It is not
apparent whether these are natural stands or whether their hold on
the landscape is a result of slash and burn agriculture, but once in
place, Arundinaria crowds out all other species.
.:. Vegetation Zone III: Mading (2000 m) to
above Sahti Htu (2380 m)
This zone is characterized by mixed temperate forest, where
trees are thickly padded with moss and temperate clim-bers including
Clematis and Polygonum. Subtropical species no longer skirt the
river-banks. Temperate genera include: Acer, Tilia, Juglans, Alnus,
Betula, Taxus, Larix, Rhododendron, Decaisnea, Torricellia, Ilex,
Salix, Litsea, Viburnum, Pieris, Pyrus, Prunus, Hydrangea, Photinia,
Berberis, Daphne, Daphiniphyllum, Cotoneaster, Euonymous, Sorbus,
Cornus, Gaultheria, Rosa and Rubus. The 6 ft. tall lily Cardiocrinum
giganteum, grows in clumps on the mossy forest floor with more
diminutive terrestrial orchids, ferns and Arisaema. Dense temperate
forest opens up gradually giving way to Rhododendron, Juniperus,
Enkianthus, and Vaccinium shrubbery and finally marshy alpine
meadows scattered with Primula.
.:. Vegetation Zone IV: Zalahtu and above
(3500 m)
This zone is recognizable by its precipitous ridges with
sporadic patches of silver fir ( Abies fargesii ) - Rhododendron
forest and broad, steep alpine meadows, many still covered in snow
during May. Higher ridges are covered with turf and scree. Smaller
species of Rhododendron are found with Vaccinium and Corylopsis near
stream banks, whilst meadows are carpeted with grasses and early
spring-blooming alpine flowers including: Cassiope, Potentilla,
Mecon -
opsis, Paris, Primula, Bergenia, Omphalogramma, Daipensia, Iris,
Cardamine, Gentianella, Anemone, Maianthemum, Selinum, Ranunculus,
Picrorhizza, Fritillaria, Arisaema, Saxifraga, Gentiana, Androsace,
Pedicularis and Mandragora.
Source: Pilot Study of Hkakaborazi National Park,
Myanmar, 2003, the Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar.
Butterfies
The Kachin State in Myanmar is well known for its rich biodiversity
and it’s a wealth of abundant valuable natural resources. An
extremely wide range of physical conditions has made Myanmar rich in
biological diversity, containing several mammal, amphibians,
reptiles and bird species including a wide range of butterfly.
Below are of some of the common butterfly species
that can be spotted in and around Putao region.
|
Common Name |
: |
Scientific Name |
Family Name |
|
1. |
: |
Kaiser Teinopalpus
imperialis |
Papilionidae |
|
2. |
: |
Apollo Parnassius
imperator |
Papilionidae |
|
3. |
: |
The Bhutan Glory
Bhutanitis ledder dalei lidderdalei |
Papilionidae |
|
4. |
: |
The Golden Birdwing
Troides aeacus praecox |
Papilionidae |
|
5. |
: |
The Common Windmill
Atrophaneura philoxenus polyeuctes |
Papilionidae |
|
6. |
: |
The Great Windmill
Atrophaneura dasarada barata |
Papilionidae |
Orchids
Fort Hertz
Fort Hertz was a remote British Military outpost
in northeastern Myanmar in the district of Putao in Kachin State in
the present town of Putao. It was named after William Axel Hertz.
Hertz led the first expeditions into the far north of Myanmar in
1888, was responsible for the 1912 Gazateer of Kachin Hills area and
served as the first Deputy Commissioner of the Government in the
Putao District. The military post was established in 1914 and given
the name Fort Hertz in 1925 consequent with the retirement of
William Hertz from the Indian Civil Service.
Up until 1942, Fort Hertz was maintained as an
outpost of the Myitkyina Battalion of the Myanmar Frontier Force.
During the 1942 Japanese invasion of Myanmar, various retreating
soldiers of the British/Indian Myanmar Garrison remained in the Fort
Hertz area. The military authorities in India had no direct contact
with Fort Hertz during most of the summer of 1942.
Troops were parachuted into Upper Myanmar on July
3, 1942. Led by Captain I.O.M. Roberts of the 153rd (Gurkha) Indian
Parachute Battalion, the men had orders to investigate the state of
the Myitkyina area and then march 150 miles north to Fort Hertz.
On August 12, 1942 Major Hopkins of the 50th
Indian Parachute Brigade over flew the Fort and discovered that it
was unexpectedly in British hands. Captain Roberts had reached the
fort some days before. The landing strip at the fort was however
unusable. The next day, a party led by Captain G.E.C. Newland of the
153rd Indian Parachute Battalion parachute dropped into Fort Hertz
with engineering supplies. By August 20, the airfield had been
repaired enough that aircraft could land. Lieutenant-Colonel Gamble,
the new commander of the area arrived on that date quickly followed
by a company of the 7/9th Jat Regiment. The party led by Captain
Roberts was extracted around the same time.
Later during World War II its garrison,
consisting of various battalions of the British Indian Army and the
Northern Kachin Levies, formed an isolated Northern post of the
Allied Armies engaged in the Myanmar Campaign. With the assistance
of Kachin irregulars, the route north from Japanese-held Myanmar to
Fort Hertz was defended against a series of minor attacks in 1942
and 1943.
In 1943 and 1944 the primary purpose of Fort
Hertz was to gather intelligence and to cover an airstrip which
served as an emergency landing ground for planes flying The Hump
from India to China over the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains.
This same airstrip was the only supply line for Fort Hertz. There
was also eventually a radio beacon check point at the site.
Large-scale official training of the Kachin
Levies did not start until August 1943 when a V Force team was sent
to Fort Hertz. An American team advisory team of eight officers and
40 sergeants (radiomen, cryptographers and medics) also flew into
Fort Hertz. The American forces raised their own Kachin force in a
Myitkyina area in 1944 which were known as the Kachin Rangers.
When General Joseph Stilwell's Chinese X Force
started the advance to cover the building of the Ledo Road and
American Northern Combat Area Command operation, forces from Fort
Hertz advanced on Stilwell's left flank and captured Sumprabum. They
then continued their advance towards Myitkyina capturing Tiangup and
eventually linking up with X Force.
Source: Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia
The last surviving
Tarongs
The Last Surviving
Tarongs
The Tarongs are friendly, hospitable people given to smiling when
interacting with strangers and among themselves. They are abstemious
and law-abiding, there being no record of criminal activity among
them.
The Tarongs live in a region of breathtaking
scenic natural beauty, amid pristine forests that are host to myriad
exotic flowers and plants and constitute the habitat of many rare
species of wild animals.
Source: Myanmar Perspectives, Vol: III 2/98
The Manau Festival:
The Kachins believe that Manau was first celebrated by birds, fish
and butterflies. This festival was first introduced to the people by
Jawa Rumja (Tingli Yaw) who married a woman descendant of the Madai
Spirit (Shy Spirit). Jawa Rumja inherited this festival from his
father-in-law and celebrated the Manau at “Hkrang Hku Major” for the
first time. His grandson Sut Madau again celebrated Manau at “Nau ra
yang ga” for the second time. A 100 years after the second Manau,
Kumja Magam celebrated the festival at “Ningrang Ga” for the third
time, followed by Matsaw “N Hkum Wa” at the same place. Following
this tradition Kachins have been celebrating this festival right up
to the present time.
The Manau feast is nothing but a worshipping ceremony of the ancient
Madai Spirit. When the Madai Spirit conveyed this worshipping
tradition to the people, he also mandated many promises to be kept.
The worshipping ceremony to the people is accompanied by the Manau
dance, whenever it is performed.
The public dance along with drums and gongs is a
sign of happiness and celebration. Fasting for a day after the
festivals is a must. The Madai Spirit is invited as the main
participant of all spirits and when the festival is over all of them
must be sent back to their original places. It is celebrated
strictly either for four days or eight days. The Manau must be
celebrated only by those who have the right to worship the Madai
Spirit.
To celebrate prosperity – Sut Manau; at funerals
– Ju Manau; to forge allies or friendship to wage war, it is called
“ Ningtau Manau “ ; in times of victory – the Padang Manau “. At
times of separation or parting of companies, it is the “ Kumran
Manau “. The “ Dingshawn Manau “ is danced at house warming
ceremories, the “ Htingrau Manau “ , to celebrate unity among
tribes, and the “ Nau Sawt Manau “ is a casual Manau. The steps of
the Manau dance is the same for all occasions, with the dancers in a
long line forming several curves around decorated ceremonial poles
or totems. These lines and curves relate the Manau history.
Source: Biodiversity, Culture, Indigenous
Knowledge Nature & Wildlife Conservation Programs in Kachin State by
Lasi Bawk Naw, President of the YMCA Myitkyina.
The Ledo Road and Burma
Road
The Ledo Road, (from Ledo, Assam, India to Kunming, China) was built
during World War II so that the Western Allies could supply the
Chinese as an alternative to the Burma Road which had been cut by
the Japanese in 1942. It was renamed the Stilwell Road in early 1945
at the suggestion of Chiang Kai-shek. After Rangoon was captured by
the Japanese and before the Ledo Road was finished, the majority of
supplies to the Chinese were delivered via airlift over the eastern
end of the Himalayan Mountains. In the nineteenth century British
railway builders had surveyed the Pangsau Pass, which is 3,727 feet
(1,136 meters) high on the India-Burma border, on the Patkai crest,
above Nampong, Arunachal Pradesh (then part of Assam). They
concluded that a track could be pushed through to Burma and down the
Hukaung Valley. Although the proposal was dropped, the British
prospected the Patkai Range for a road from Assam into northern
Burma. British engineers had surveyed the route for a road for the
first eighty miles. After the British had been pushed back out of
most of Burma by the Japanese building this road became a priority
for the United States.
Ledo Road and Burma Road
On the December 1, 1942, British General Sir Archibald Wavell, the
supreme commander of the Far Eastern Theatre, agreed with American
General Stilwell to make the Ledo Road an American NCAC operation.
It was built under the direction of General Stilwell from the
railhead at Ledo (Assam, India) location to Bhamo on the Burma Road
so that supplies could reach the railhead at Mogaung. It was built
by 15,000 American soldiers (60% of whom were African-Americans) and
35,000 local workers at a cost of US$150 Million. 1,100 Americans
died during the construction and many more locals. As most of Burma
was in Japanese hands it was not possible to acquire information as
to the topography, soils, and river behavior before construction
started. This information had to be acquired as the road was
constructed.
A U.S. Army soldier and a Chinese soldier place
the flag of their ally on the front of their jeep just before the
first truck convoy in almost three years crossed the China border en
route from Ledo, India, to Kunming, China, over the Stilwell road in
1945. General Stilwell had organized a 'Service of Supply' (SOS)
under the command of Major General Raymond A. Wheeler, a high
profile US Army Engineer and assigned him to look after the
construction of the Ledo Road. Major General Wheeler in turn,
assigned responsibility of base commander for the road construction
to Colonel John C. Arrowsmith. Later, he was replaced by Colonel
Lewis A. Pick, an expert US Army engineer. Work started on the first
103 mile (166 km) section of the road in December 1942, followed a
steep, narrow trail through territory from Ledo, across the Patkai
Range through the Pangsau Pass, nicknamed "Hell Pass" for its
difficulty, and down to Shingbwiyang, Burma. Sometimes rising as
high as 4,500 feet (1400 m), the road required the removal of earth
at the rate of 100,000 cubic feet per mile (1800 m³/km). Steep
gradients, hairpin curves and sheer drops of 200 feet (60 m), all
surrounded by a thick rain forest was the norm for this first
section. The first bulldozer reached Shingbwiyang on 27 December
1943, three days ahead of schedule.
The building of this section allowed much-needed supplies to flow to
the troops engaged in attacking the Japanese 18th Division, which
was defending the Northern area of Burma with their strongest forces
around the towns of Kamaing, Mogaung and Myitkyina. Before the Ledo
road reached Shingbwiyang, Allied troops (the majority of whom were
American-trained Chinese Divisions of the X Force) had been totally
dependent on supplies flown in over the Patkai Range. As the
Japanese were forced to retreat south so the Ledo road was extended.
This was made considerably easier from Shingbwiyang by the presence
of a fair weather road built by the Japanese, and the Ledo road
generally followed the Japanese trace. As the road was built, two 10
cm (4 inch) fuel pipe lines were laid side by side so that fuel
could be piped instead of trucked along the road.
After the initial section to Shingbwiyang, more sections followed:
Warazup, Myitkyina and Bhamo, 372 miles (600 km) from Ledo. At that
point the road joined a spur of the old Burma road and although
improvements to further sections followed the road was passable. The
spur passed through Namkham 439 miles (558 km) from Ledo and finally
at the Mong-Yu road junction, 465 miles (748 km) from Ledo, the Ledo
road met the Burma road. To get to the Mong-Yu junction the Ledo
road had to span 10 major rivers and 155 secondary streams,
averaging one bridge every 2.8 miles (4.5 km). For the first
convoys, if they turned right, they were on their way to Lashio 100
miles (160 km) to the South through Japanese-occupied Burma, if they
turned left Wanting lay 60 miles (100 km) to the North just over the
China-Burma border.
In late 1944, barely two years after Stilwell
accepted responsibility for building the Ledo Road, it connected to
the Burma Road though some sections of the road beyond Myitkyina at
Hukaung Valley were under repair due to heavy monsoon rains, and it
became a highway stretching from Assam, India to Kunming, China
1,079 miles (1736 km) length. On January 12, 1945, the first convoy
of 113 vehicles led by General Pick from Ledo reached Kunming, China
on February 4, 1945. Over the next seven months 35,000 tons of
supplies in 5,000 vehicles were carried along it.
There was a mile sign at the start of the Ledo
Road with the following information
When flying over the Hukaung Valley during the monsoon, Mountbatten
asked his staff what was the name of the river below them. An
American officer replied, "That's not a river, it's the Ledo Road."
[edit] American Army units assigned to the Ledo Road
The units initially assigned to the initial section were: [3]
45th Engineer General Service Regiment (An African-American Unit)
823rd Aviation Engineer Battalion (EAB) (An African-American Unit)
In 1943 they were joined by:
848th EAB (An African-American Unit)
849th EAB (An African-American Unit)
858th EAB (An African-American Unit)
1883rd EAB (An African-American Unit)
Work continued through 1944 in late December it
was opened for the transport of logistics. In January 1945, four of
the black EABs (along with three white battalions) continued working
on the now renamed Stilwell Road, improving and widening it.
Views on the construction the road
Winston Churchill called the project "an immense, laborious task,
unlikely to be finished until the need for it has passed".
The British Field Marshal William Slim who commanded the British
Fourteenth Army in India/Burma wrote of the Ledo Road:
I agreed with Stilwell that the road could be built. I believed
that, properly equipped and efficiently led, Chinese troops could
defeat Japanese if, as would be the case with his Ledo force, they
had a considerable numerical superiority. On the engineering side I
had no doubts. We had built roads over country as difficult, with
much less technical equipment than the Americans would have. My
British engineers, who had surveyed the trace for the road for the
first eighty miles [130 km], were quite confident about that. We
were already, on the Central front, maintaining great labor forces
over equally gimcrack lines of communication. Thus far Stilwell and
I were in complete agreement, but I did not hold two articles of his
faith. I doubted the overwhelming war-winning value of this road,
and, in any case, I believed it was starting from the wrong place.
The American amphibious strategy in the Pacific, of hopping from
island to island would, I was sure, bring much quicker results than
an overland advance across Asia with a Chinese army yet to be
formed. In any case, if the road was to be really effective, its
feeder railway should start from Rangoon, not Calcutta. [4]
After India and Burma were liberated the road
fell into gradual disrepair. The last recorded vehicular journey
from Ledo to Myitkyina and beyond (but not to China) was the
Oxford-Cambridge Overland Expedition which in 1955 drove from London
to Singapore and back. For many years, travel into the region was
highly restricted because of an active insurgency against the
government. Between 1962 and the mid 1990s, there were harsh
restrictions on travel into Burma applied against all outsiders.
Beginning in the 1990s, Mike Jenkins made a number of attempts to
reach the road (cf Jenkins' article in OUTSIDE magazine cited below
in external links). He had any number of difficulties with the
government of Burma. In particular, the Burmese government at the
time of his travels was fanatically suspicious of any professional
writer or journalist.
Other and more recent attempts to travel the road
have met with different results. The expedition book written by Tim
Slessor reported that bridges were down in the section between
Pangsau Pass and Shingbwiyang. At present the Nampong-Pangsau Pass
section is passable in 4WD vehicles. The road on the Burmese side is
reportedly fit for vehicular traffic. Donovan Webster reached
Shingbwiyang on wheels in 2001, and in mid-2005 veterans of the
Burma Star Association were invited to join a 'down memory lane'
trip to Shingbwiyang organized by a politically well connected
travel agent. None of these groups which successfully traveled the
road made any comment on the political or human rights situation on
Burma afterward. Burmese from Pangsau village saunter nonchalantly
across Pangsau Pass down to Nampong in India for marketing, for the
border is open despite the presence of insurgents on both sides.
There are Assam Rifles and Burma Army posts at Nampong and Pangsau
respectively. But the rules for locals in these border areas do not
necessarily apply to westerners. The governments of both countries
keep careful watch on the presence of westerners in the border areas
and the land border is officially closed. Those who cross without
permission risk arrest or problems with smugglers/insurgents in the
area.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Climate
Temperature in Putao region tends to be quite
cool in the mornings and evenings. Climatically ranges from
subtropical to temperate and alpine. There are three main seasons:
November - February - winter and best tourist
season, clear skies, warm during the day, cool evenings.
Temperatures steadily decrease during these months. Average
temperature would be between low 10 degree and high 22 degree C.
During late January and February temperature could drop steadily up
to freezing up in the snow line causing heavy fall on the snow which
make rather challenging task to scale the top.
March, April - summer season - Clear mornings,
afternoon hazy skies, warm during the day and cool evenings.
Temperatures steadily increase during these months. Average
temperature would be between low 14 degree and high 28 degree C.
Some rain shower during these months can be expected.
May - October - This is Putao's rainy season.
Still fascinating for those interested in the flora and fauna of the
region and best season to scale Mt. Hkakaborazi which unless
otherwise difficult if not at all possible to scale during winter
due to heavy snow fall on the mountains. Average temperature during
this period would be between low 20 degree and high 30 degree C with
high humidity.
Extreme temperature record has been as follow:
High 24/7/05 38.0C / 100.4F
Low 5/1/2000 2.2C / 35.96F
Following data gives you an idea of usual
rainfall in Putao region.
|
Month
|
Normal Rainy
day/inch |
2007 Rainy
day/inch |
2008 Rainy day/inch |
|
January |
2 / 0.60 |
1 / 0.20 |
9 / 2/14
|
|
February |
7 / 2.03 |
9 / 2.40
|
5 / 0.88 |
|
March |
8 / 2.91 |
2 / 0.83 |
13 / 2.55 |
|
April |
11 / 4/88 |
18 / 7.00
|
12 / 3.79 |
|
May |
15 / 8.94 |
16 / 12.78 |
13 / 4.90 |
|
June |
26 / 26.60
|
26 / 16.44
|
28 / 26.73 |
|
July |
27 / 35.29 |
30 / 34.37 |
31 / 39.40 |
|
August |
24 / 28.70 |
28 / 46.12 |
31 / 29.63 |
|
September |
12 / 7.16 |
23 / 35.40 |
23 / 34.39 |
|
October |
2 / 1.10 |
17 / 15.14 |
|
|
November |
28 / 35.62 |
5 / 2.53 |
|
|
December |
2 / 0.35 |
2 / 0.47 |
|
|
|
Tour Program Name |
: |
Mt.
Victoria Safari |
|
Type |
: |
Safari Drive / Soft Adventure Trekking |
|
Tour Code |
: |
PT
# OP1 |
|
Coverage |
: |
Bagan – Mindat – Mt. Victoria - Kampalat -
Bagan |
|
Duration |
: |
05
Days / 04 Nights |
|
Availability |
: |
Nov
– April |
|
Grade |
; |
Moderate |
|
Mt. Victoria Safari Draft itinerary:
Day 01 Bagan - Mindat (jeep)
Day 02 Mindat - Kyar Do - Aye Sakan (jeep, trek)
Day 03 Aye Sakan - Mt. Victoria - Kampalat (jeep, trek)
Day 04 Kampalat (jeep)
Day 05 Kampalat - Bagan (jeep)
Package rate based on twin share. Valid until
April 30th 2009.
US$ 650 per person (minimum 2 person / maximum 12 person)
Single supplement: US$ 70
Price includes
• Ground transportation (WWII Jeep)
• Share twin accommodation (guesthouse, local home stay) (mattress,
pillow and blanket will be provided)
• Escort English language leader
• Local trekking guide and porters
• Full board meal inclusive of free flow boiled water and soft
drinks
• Travel Permit
Price excludes
• Insurance (medical, travel, property)
• Expenditure on personal nature such as alcoholic beverages, soft
sleeping
• facilities, gratitude to guides, porters etc..
Mt. Victoria Safari
Sample itinerary - actual may vary
Day 01 Bagan - Mindat
We
board on WWII jeeps and cross Ayeyarwady river by ferry to
Let Pan Che. Here the adventure safari starts as we roll on
in rugged and dusty dirt road passing through dry mounds,
green, and velvet plain of rice fields (96 km, approx 4
hour) to Pontaung mountain range.(Pontaung region is famous
among archaeologist as recent discovery by the International
team confirmed the fossilized remains found from Pontaung
formation about 34 to 50 million years. The team discovered
fragments of such animals as turtle, crocodile, rhinoceros,
and pig in Pontaung stone layers) We have a lunch stop and
proceed to Mindat (64 km, 2 hour) passing through tropical
low land scarf forest and eventually alpine altitude of
Mindat at 1480 meter above sea. Mindat is the administrative
town for southern Chin State. Dinner will be at local
restaurant and overnight in local guesthouse. (Simple
accommodation, private room but limited electricity and no
hot water supply)(Once you get in to the Chin country
weather gradually become cool and pleasant. Its a great
escape of the heat and dust of the plain during summer
however it could be rather cold during winter especially
between December and February)
Day 02 Mindat - Kyar Do - Aye Sakan
Breakfast at local restaurant and we shall walk
in town before board on our jeep for further drive down to Che
Chaung (approx 30 minute). From here you can see Aye Sakan at 1730
meter right across the valley on the other side of the mountain. We
stop jeeps and start trekking to Chin settlement villages (approx 3
hour walk up hill) through the farm land observing daily life of
this remote tribe. Chin tribe women wearing various pattern of
tattoo on their face and attractive amber necklaces, houses
decorated with animal skull and sacrificial posts which is the
symbol of wealth and success. We have pack lunch at one of the
villages and continue trek through the valley and up hill passing
through farm land (approx 2 hour) to get to motor way where our
awaits jeeps will meet us and take us to our destination Aye Sakan
(approx 30 minute). Freshly cooked dinner to be served with local
style. Overnight will be at local home.(Simple accommodation, with
candle light and central fire place) (If you are lucky, you may come
across one of the Chin traditional ritual offering ceremony in one
of the villages in the region. Chin tribal ritual celebrates by mean
of offering an Nwa Nyauk (wild ox) to the Spirit and when sacrificed
the person got to raise a totem known as a sacrificial post
recognition of his prowess and successfulness. Decorated posts can
be found in many Chin villages and are much like the forked posts
found among many tribal groups around the world. As wild oxen have
become rarer, Chin raises them domestically and the sacrificial
posts are now raised more as a symbol of wealth.
A Chin tribe who has offered such offering certain occasion would
raise another totem to keep his or her burial pot near their home.
Thus, there are several burial pots placing under large stone plaque
look like a make ship smaller stone caves)
Day 03 Aye Sakan - Mt. Victoria - Kampalat
Breakfast and we visit the village, there has
been one ironsmith producing Chin tribal equipment for several
decades. Later we proceed by jeeps (approx 2 hour) up hill through
the park system among large oaks and laurels which later change in
to rhododendron bushes. This beautiful park system covers a large
area with dense jungle, pine trees at higher levels and oak trees.
The national park is an area of great bio-diversity with many rare
forms of flora and fauna. Mt.Victoria offers superb views of the
surrounding area from the top. Birders may follow the rare species
of birds so as botanic may explore species of trees and plants some
of which may be only native to this region. If you are neither
birder nor botanic then simply enjoy the breadth taking beauty of
entire park from a hilltop. Leave your jeeps and trek to the summit
through lush tropical forest mostly up hill (approx 3 hour).
Vegetation keep change as you gain the altitude and become typical
Rhododendron garden when reach above 2700 meter towards the summit.
We have our packed lunch at summit at 3180 meter and relax for a
while before return to the jeep. Return route would be easier by
mule trek with nice and easy slow ups and down on the slope (approx
2 hour). We meet our jeeps at 10th mile post and proceed down road
towards Kampalat (approx 1 hour). Here we have proper accommodation
with warm bed and hot shower. Dinner and overnight at local
guesthouse. (Kampalat, old town at 1575 meter is the originally
build by British however later moved to lower altitude at 1380 meter
to cope up with fierce winter cold. Thus there has been only and old
British built bungalow and two new resorts exist)
Day 04 Kampalat
Breakfast and visit old town Kampalat, trek to
the Chin settlements in the area observe daily life of this remote
tribe. We have our lunch at local restaurant but dinner and
overnight at local guesthouse.
Day 05 Kampalat - Bagan
Breakfast
and say good bye to Mt. Victoria and set off for Bagan (160
km, approx 6 hour). As we start driving down through Chin
Hills passing through winding roads with green vegetation
however as you approach low land the weather become humid
and you are looking forward to the heat and dust through the
main land. We stop for lunch as we arrive Saw, a thriving
village with rich cultivation due to Saw and Yaw creeks,
flow round the yea and continue drive to Kazunma, a small
village situates between Chin highlands and lowland Myanmar
and is a paradise of birders of low land scarf forest
dwelling birds at near by Pintha creek and Winchaung dam
site. From here onwards the road become pave and back to
civilization. Cross Ayeyarwady river by bridge and arrive
Bagan in the late afternoon to complete this unique
experience.
Walking tours - in and around Putao Valley
Option # 01 Walking tour to Hopaing village
Extended walk to Lonsut village, through vast
paddy field, cross over Nam Htu creek and walk up to small plateau
for a nice over view of Putao valley. Continue walk through
beautiful bamboo grove to Hopaing Shan village, beautifully located
on the valley of Lonsut. Visit beautiful Buddhist Monastery and
village, social and culture exchange with friendly Shan people.
Return walk would be along Nam Htu creek with optional visit to some
of the Lisu villages on the way. (total walking hour - approx - 5)
Option # 02 Walking tour to Majaw village
Extended walk to Nantonhli hydro power site
through Tonlihtu village. Walk through paddy field and gardens to
Majaw Lisu village. Explore the village, interaction with local and
continue walk through Majaw creek leaving beautiful sites behind
having backdrop of Mt. Slimatdin with blazing snow over the horizon
to Myoma village, from where walk to Hoko village and finally back
to hotel.
(total walking hour - approx - 5)
Option # 03 Walking tour to Mudon village
Extended walk to Hoko Shan village and continue
walk to Putaung village through paddy field and gardens having small
Buddhist Shrine with a back drop of Blue Mountains and snow-capped
Mountains far in the horizon. Continue walk to Gyinyankan Lisu
village and finally walk to Malawagy village, located on a small
plateau which gives you a panoramic view of Putao valley. Your
return walk will be though Lonsut village back to hotel.
(total walking hour - approx - 5)
Option # 04 Malikha river boat excursion
Depart by jeep/truck to Machanbaw (20 km, approx
1 hour), board on local fishermen boat and down stream in the
Malikha river to enjoy the sites and sounds of the environment which
probably is one of the most beautiful spots in the wilderness world
having high reef with lush tropical evergreen forests. Picnic lunch
on the sandbank and return up stream by boat to Machanbaw from where
a jeep transfer back to hotel.

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